Aplicación de biología molecular para identificar microbiota asociada a vaginosis bacteriana en mujeres adultas: Revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61347/ei.v5iEsp.2.412Palabras clave:
Biología molecular, microbiota vaginal, secuenciación del gen 16S ARNr, técnicas moleculares, vaginosis bacterianaResumen
La vaginosis bacteriana constituye una alteración polimicrobiana de la microbiota vaginal, caracterizada por la disminución de lactobacilos y el incremento de bacterias anaerobias, cuya identificación puede fortalecerse mediante técnicas moleculares. El objetivo fue analizar la aplicación de técnicas de biología molecular para caracterizar los microorganismos y perfiles de microbiota vaginal asociados con la vaginosis bacteriana en mujeres adultas. Se realizó una revisión sistemática con enfoque cualitativo, diseño documental y alcance descriptivo, siguiendo las recomendaciones de PRISMA 2020. Se efectuó una búsqueda en Scopus y PubMed de artículos publicados en español e inglés entre 2021 y 2025, que emplearon PCR, qPCR, secuenciación del gen 16S ARNr, metagenómica u otros procedimientos moleculares. De 132 registros identificados, se incluyeron 24 estudios tras el cribado, la evaluación de elegibilidad y la valoración del riesgo de sesgo; 13 presentaron riesgo bajo y 11 moderado. Los resultados evidenciaron una disminución de Lactobacillus y mayor presencia de Gardnerella vaginalis, Fannyhessea vaginae, Prevotella, Megasphaera, Sneathia y Mobiluncus, con asociaciones variables con la puntuación de Nugent, el pH vaginal, la inflamación genital y la respuesta terapéutica. Las técnicas moleculares permitieron una mayor resolución taxonómica, identificación de microorganismos difíciles de cultivar y cuantificación específica de bacterias. Sin embargo, la heterogeneidad metodológica limitó la comparación de los hallazgos. Se concluyó que estas herramientas complementaron los métodos convencionales y ampliaron la caracterización microbiológica, aunque su utilidad diagnóstica requiere mayor estandarización y validación clínica.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Lorena Nataly Silva Yanza, Carlos Iván Peñafiel-Méndez
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
