Métodos instrumentales para la determinación de benzodiacepinas en muestra de orina: revisión sistemática de literatura
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https://doi.org/10.61347/ei.v5i1.241Palabras clave:
Análisis forense, benzodiacepinas, cromatografía líquida, espectrometría de masas, hidrólisis enzimática, inmunoensayos, orina, revisión sistemática, toxicología clínicaResumen
La detección de benzodiacepinas en orina constituye un desafío analítico que exige métodos instrumentales robustos y estandarizados debido a su diversidad estructural, a la presencia de metabolitos conjugados y a las interferencias inherentes a la matriz urinaria. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue analizar los métodos instrumentales para la detección de esta sustancia en muestras de orina, identificando su desempeño analítico y los factores que influyen en su selección. En cuanto a la metodología, se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura que siguió el protocolo PRISMA; además, se aplicaron criterios PICOS para estructurar claramente las preguntas de investigación. Se analizaron 484 estudios previos publicados entre 2020 y 2025, de las bases de datos científicas Scopus y Web of Science, se incluyeron trabajos científicos de revistas en cuartiles Q1 y Q2, se aplicaron herramientas de revisión de riesgo AMSTAR-2, SANRA, AXIS Y ROBINS-I. Posteriormente, se incluyeron 43 estudios primarios cuyos resultados mostraron que la elección del método depende de los recursos disponibles, la capacitación del personal y el contexto de uso, priorizándose la rapidez en los entornos clínicos, así como la sensibilidad y selectividad en toxicología forense. En conclusión, la LC–MS/MS se considera el método ideal para la detección precisa de benzodiacepinas, mientras que los inmunoensayos se limitan a su uso en cribado inicial debido a su limitada sensibilidad.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Mónica Pilar Pala Tuapanta, Wilson Edwin Moncayo Molina
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