Técnicas moleculares en el diagnóstico de Bordetella pertussis: una revisión bibliográfica de los avances y desafíos en el laboratorio clínico
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https://doi.org/10.61347/ei.v4i3.214Palabras clave:
Bordetella pertussis, diagnóstico molecular, revisión bibliográfica, tosferinaResumen
La tos ferina, causada por Bordetella pertussis, es una enfermedad respiratoria de relevancia global y especialmente peligrosa para lactantes y niños pequeños. A pesar de los programas de vacunación, la enfermedad permanece endémica y presenta brotes recurrentes, lo que constituye un desafío permanente para la salud pública. Esta revisión bibliográfica tiene como objetivo evaluar la aplicación de técnicas moleculares para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad. Se analizaron 119 estudios recuperados de bases de datos indexadas (MEDLINE, Scopus, ScienceDirect y Google Scholar), de los cuales se seleccionaron 20 publicados entre 2020 y 2025. Los resultados muestran que la PCR en tiempo real es el método predominante, utilizando principalmente los genes IS481 y ptxS1 como dianas moleculares. Técnicas emergentes como LAMP (amplificación isotérmica mediada por bucle) y plataformas basadas en CRISPR han demostrado alta sensibilidad (hasta 97,3 %) y especificidad (hasta 100 %), lo que las convierte en alternativas rápidas y prometedoras. Sin embargo, la implementación generalizada de estas metodologías enfrenta barreras importantes, como los elevados costos, la necesidad de personal capacitado y las limitaciones de infraestructura en entornos con pocos recursos. Además, la falta de estandarización de los protocolos continúa dificultando la comparabilidad entre estudios. Se concluye que, si bien los avances moleculares han transformado el diagnóstico y la vigilancia de B. pertussis, es indispensable superar los obstáculos operativos y económicos para garantizar un diagnóstico accesible y confiable, especialmente en las poblaciones más vulnerables.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Michael Johana Medina Vargas, Maria del Carmen Cordovéz Martínez
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
