Avances en el diagnóstico de laboratorio de la brucelosis humana: una revisión sistemática de métodos serológicos y moleculares
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https://doi.org/10.61347/ei.v4i3.213Palabras clave:
Brucelosis humana, diagnóstico molecular, pruebas serológicas, revisión sistemáticaResumen
La brucelosis humana representa un problema sanitario relevante que demanda diagnósticos precisos. Este estudio evaluó métodos serológicos y moleculares para determinar avances en diagnóstico de Brucella y la aplicabilidad clínica mediante la revisión de artículos científicos publicados entre el 2020 y 2025 en bases de datos científicas indexadas (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus). Se revisaron 133 artículos siguiendo criterios específicos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 25 artículos, agrupándolos según pruebas de referencia empleadas. Las técnicas moleculares, principalmente PCR y sus variantes, mostraron elevada sensibilidad (hasta 85-90%) y especificidad, superando a técnicas serológicas tradicionales como Rosa de Bengala, que, aunque más accesibles, presentan limitaciones en ciertos casos. La mayoría de los estudios fueron prospectivos y reflejan disparidad regional en los métodos de diagnosis usados. Los resultados indican que la integración de procedimientos basados en serología y análisis genéticos mejora la precisión diagnóstica, especialmente en infecciones con baja carga bacteriana o formas clínicas atípicas. La evidencia apoya la transición hacia técnicas moleculares para laboratorios clínicos de nivel II y III. Se concluye que la adopción coordinada de estas tecnologías y el desarrollo de protocolos estandarizados son esenciales para optimizar la detección y vigilancia epidemiológica de la brucelosis humana, y se resalta la importancia de combinar estos protocolos de análisis para mejorar la detección de la bacteria, particularmente en casos negativos en serología pero positivos mediante PCR y en la identificación específica de especies de Brucella.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Ruth Nathaly Zamora Pujos, Maria del Carmen Cordovéz Martínez
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
