Impacto del uso del GeneXpert MTB/RIF en el diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento oportuno de la tuberculosis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61347/ei.v4i3.210Palabras clave:
Baciloscopia, bedaquilina, cultivo, fluoroquinolonas, GeneXpert MTB/RIF, linezolid, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rifampicina, tuberculosisResumen
La tuberculosis continúa siendo una de las enfermedades infecciosas de mayor impacto a nivel mundial, caracterizado por una elevada morbilidad y mortalidad, especialmente en regiones con alta carga endémica. Su control depende fundamentalmente del diagnóstico precoz y del inicio oportuno del tratamiento, factores determinantes para reducir la transmisión y mejorar el pronóstico clínico. El presente artículo de revisión tuvo como objetivo evaluar la evidencia científica reciente sobre el impacto del sistema GeneXpert MTB/RIF en el diagnóstico rápido de Mycobacterium tuberculosis y la detección de resistencia a la rifampicina. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica publicada entre 2020 y 2025, siguiendo las directrices PRISMA 2020, mediante búsquedas en las bases de datos Scopus, PubMed, y Google Scholar. De un total de 54 registros identificados, 29 estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión establecidos. Los resultados demostraron que el GeneXpert MTB/RIF presentó una sensibilidad del 77% al 100% y una especificidad del 93% al 100%, valores significativamente superiores a los obtenidos por baciloscopia (40–85%). Además, redujo el tiempo diagnóstico a menos de dos horas, en comparación con las 6–8 semanas requeridas por el cultivo sólido. El sistema permitió identificar resistencia a rifampicina, con frecuencias entre 0,7% y 17,7%, favoreciendo la adecuación terapéutica mediante fármacos de segunda línea como bedaquilina, linezolid y fluoroquinolonas. En conclusión, el GeneXpert MTB/RIF se consolida como una herramienta diagnóstica rápida, precisa y esencial, con impacto positivo en el manejo clínico y el control epidemiológico de la tuberculosis.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Mariela Fernanda Merino Mosquera, Ana Carolina González Romero
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