Avances en biomarcadores moleculares para el diagnóstico precoz del cáncer de cuello uterino
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61347/ei.v4i3.205Palabras clave:
Biomarcadores moleculares, cáncer cervical, detección temprana, metilación del ADN, microARNResumen
El cáncer de cuello uterino representa un problema significativo de salud pública, especialmente en regiones con recursos limitados donde los métodos tradicionales de detección presentan barreras de acceso y una variabilidad en su rendimiento. Ante este contexto, los biomarcadores moleculares han emergido como herramientas prometedoras para mejorar la precisión diagnóstica y facilitar la detección temprana de lesiones precursoras. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar críticamente la evidencia reciente sobre biomarcadores moleculares aplicados al diagnóstico precoz del cáncer cervical mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura. La metodología siguió las directrices PRISMA y el marco PICOS para definir los criterios de búsqueda, seleccionándose 14 estudios publicados entre 2020 y 2025 a partir de búsquedas en Scopus y PubMed. Los resultados muestran que los biomarcadores basados en microRNAs y metilación del ADN reportan sensibilidades y especificidades elevadas, en algunos casos superiores al 90%, superando el rendimiento de técnicas convencionales como la citología o la genotipificación del VPH. Además, varios estudios destacaron la utilidad de muestras no invasivas, como la orina o autocolecta cervical, lo que amplía la aplicabilidad clínica y podría incrementar la cobertura de los programas de cribado. La evidencia sugiere que estos biomarcadores representan una alternativa sólida para fortalecer la detección temprana, optimizar los recursos diagnósticos y reducir la carga del cáncer cervical; sin embargo, se requieren validaciones multicéntricas y estudios prospectivos que confirmen su efectividad y viabilidad en múltiples contextos de atención médica.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Mariana Elizabeth Cadena Pozo, Yisela Carolina Ramos Campi
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
