Reabsorción de los injertos óseos: autólogo, xenoinjerto y aloinjerto en la preservación alveolar
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61347/ei.v4i2.156Palabras clave:
Aloinjertos, autólogos e implantología oral, injertos óseos, odontología, preservación alveolar, reabsorción ósea, xenoinjertosResumen
En la preservación alveolar, la reabsorción de injertos óseos representa un desafío clínico importante. Los injertos autólogos, aloinjertos y xenoinjertos presentan distintas tasas de reabsorción y comportamiento biológico, lo que afecta la estabilidad del volumen óseo y el éxito de tratamientos futuros. Esta variabilidad genera incertidumbre sobre cuál tipo de injerto ofrece mejores resultados en términos de integración y mantenimiento del hueso. El objetivo de esta investigación es describir la reabsorción de injertos óseos autólogo, xenoinjerto y aloinjerto en el contexto de la preservación alveolar; conceptualizar los diferentes tipos de injertos empleados en odontología; enunciar sus principales aplicaciones clínicas; e identificar cuál de ellos presenta el mejor pronóstico en términos de reabsorción, contribuyendo así al fortalecimiento de la práctica clínica basada en evidencia. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática bajo los lineamientos PRISMA y el modelo PICO, consultando las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect y SciELO, con publicaciones entre 2013 y 2023. Se aplicaron criterios de inclusión, seleccionando 73 artículos científicos tras filtrar 1.292 estudios iniciales, priorizando calidad, relevancia clínica y acceso abierto. Los principales resultados fueron que: Los autoinjertos mostraron mayor reabsorción (hasta 30 % el primer año), los aloinjertos menor pérdida ósea inicial y buena integración, y los xenoinjertos ofrecieron mayor estabilidad dimensional con reabsorción lenta. Todos fueron viables para preservar la cresta alveolar, siendo la elección dependiente de las características clínicas del paciente y del tipo de injerto disponible.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Blanca Cecilia Badillo Conde, Dayana Carolina Guamán Lozada, Verónica Alejandra Guamán Hernández, Jessenia Belén Lescano Alvarado
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
